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On chilly winter days, your best plans to exercise can get the cold shoulder. To spice things up, add something new to your regular routine.

"Winter is the perfect time to add variety and interesting options to your fitness routine, and it's also a great time to work on your weak areas,"

Need some ideas and inspiration?

Here are tips to help you warm up to working out, even when it's cold outside:

1. Sign up for salsa or Zumba classes. Learning new dance steps can take the work right out of your workout. You'll be so busy concentrating on new steps and moving to the music, you may just forget you're sweating.

2. Build your own boot camp. Meet with friends at your local park and take turns being the "drill sergeant" with each workout, says Burron. Use a fitness book for guidance. Or if you're not quite there yet, plan a group winter walking challenge.

3. Set up a family circuit. Create circuit stations you can do with your kids. Activities can include jumping rope, weight lifting on a balance ball, jogging in place or on a treadmill, plyometrics like jumping squats or rock-star jumps, free-weight exercises, and jumping on a mini-trampoline. "You can include juggling — and turn up the music, too."

4. Take up a new sport. Winter sports like cross-country skiing, ice-skating, sledding and snowshoeing are a sure-fire way to stay in shape and get away from it all

5. Take long winter walks. The usual places can have a fresh feel in the winter months. "We hike up a local waterfall trail exclusively in the winter because we never see tracks of people — only critters — and it's so beautiful,"

6. Hire some help. If all else fails, working out with a fitness trainer can help you stay motivated through the winter months."A trainer will work you up to spring activity levels and teach you new exercises”

7. Invest in new workout clothes. If your old duds are dull and dreary, a colorful new jacket, hat and gloves can put the bounce back in your step.

8. Get fit online. You'll find plenty of podcasts available on the Internet with your choice of e-everything, from mat Pilates to doo-wop dancing. "You can even get an online personal trainer and an eating plan”

The efficiency of a solar cell may be broken down into reflectance efficiency, thermodynamic efficiency, charge carrier separation efficiency and conductive efficiency. The overall efficiency is the product of each of these individual efficiencies.

Due to the difficulty in measuring these parameters directly, other parameters are measured instead: thermodynamic efficiency, quantum efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor. Reflectance losses are a portion of the quantum efficiency under "external quantum efficiency".

Recombination losses make up a portion of the quantum efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor. Resistive losses are predominantly categorized under fill factor, but also make up minor portions of the quantum efficiency, VOC ratio.

A photoelectric cell designed to convert sunlight into electrical energy, typically consisting of layers or sheets of specially prepared silicon. Electrons, displaced through the photoelectric effect by the Sun's radiant energy in one layer, flow across a junction to the other layer, creating a voltage across the layers that can provide power to an external circuit. Solar cells are used as power supplies in calculators, satellites,and other devices, and as a primary source of electricity in remote locations.

When light penetrates a solar cell and reaches the lower charged layer, its energy causes atoms there to release electrons, which drift to the upper layer, giving the upper layer a net negative charge and the lower layer a net positive charge. This voltage difference can be used as a source of electrical energy.

Work stress is the reaction that many people have when they are under high pressure at work for a given period. Many of us are motivated by the challenges and difficulties arising from the requirements of the work. Fulfilling these requirements leads satisfaction. However, when the pressure at work reaches high levels and lasts for a long time, people find the existence of a threat to the welfare or interests and then experienced feelings like fear, anger or anxiety.

1. Start your day with a healthy Breakfast: It's better for your health (and your weight) to eat breakfast than to skip it. And it's definitely better to eat a healthy breakfast, high in fibers and nutrients, than one full of refined grains, sugar, salt, and/or saturated fat. Balancing carbohydrates (preferably from whole grains, fruit and vegetables) with some protein and a little healthier fat will do a better job of staving off hunger until lunch and fueling your entire morning's activities. According to the American Dietetic Association (ADA), most adults consume less than 15 grams (g) of fiber daily, and yet the recommended intake for optimum health is 20 to 35 g.

2. Learn to manage your Boss: Never tell your boss "I can't do this. I don't have time." Instead, always say something like: "Of all the things you want me to do, what would be most useful right now?" Or, "What is your highest priority?" Or, say something like: "According to the 80-20 rule, 80% of the value I can add for you will be achieved with 20% of the things I do, so which 20% is most likely, in your view, to add the most value for you right now?" Another useful line is: "I always want to do the best possible job for you in the least possible time. Which things are most important to you right now?" Don't forget to appreciate the pressure your boss is under. Show a little empathy by saying something like: "I imagine you are under so much pressure, I don't know how you think straight. Would it help to take 10 minutes to do some prioritizing?"

3. Get Organized! You can avoid a lot of pressure and stress by prioritizing your tasks. Take yourself five minutes before you start working to prioritize all upcoming tasks from high-priority and very urgent to low-priority and not urgent. Furthermore, it can be really helpful to break big projects or tasks into sub-goals, which you start to target one after another.

4. Effective Time Management: The stress factor number one is having a lot of workload and tight time limitations to get that work done. Taking this into account we can see the high importance that effective time management techniques can have on our stress level.

5. Confront your Fears: The best way to ease your anxiety at work? Face your fears. Begin by just picturing yourself going face-to-face with the very things that worry you and cause anxiety. By getting used to the idea of confronting your anxiety-causing concerns before you actually do it, you will actually feel more comfortable the time comes to face them.

6. Exercise a Must: Regular exercises can reduce your stress level drastically as it decreases stress hormones and increases the production of endorphins, which will make you feel good! A person that is exercising regularly is less affected by stress than others! Plyometric twice a week is an excellent option if you are limited on time and want to burn some serious fat while toning and creating separation in the legs. I would recommend a 15 to 30 minute session of squat jumps; tuck jumps, jumping jacks, plyo pushups, using a bench to jump up AND off of, jumping rope, etc.. For strength training, do a variety of exercises for each muscle group, typically to add variety to your workout? Exercising regularly will help you manage work pressure.

7. Laughter: Another very effective stress management technique is quite simple: laugh! Laughing releases endorphins, lets you forget your worries and reduces stress quite effective. Just invest some time to read some really good jokes or watch a comedy show on TV.

8. The negative effect of Alcohol and Nicotine: Besides all health-related conditions drugs can cause: alcohol and nicotine can also have a negative impact on your ability to cope with stress effectively. Furthermore, it is important to note that drugs cannot be considered as helpful stress relievers. Alcohol and nicotine might seem calming and therefore helpful when you are stressed in the first moment, but they both can lead to addictions, which increases the stress level drastically when they wear off.

9. Proper Sleep: Sleep deprivation can have negative influences on our performance in our professional life, but it can also cause us to feel stressed at home. The importance of enough sleep cannot be stressed enough as it keeps you balanced and allows you to handle stress more effective. You need to sleep for 8 hours, Once you get up from the bed you need to Immediately do some simple floor exercises for at least 20 minutes and walk for 10 minutes your body will be ready for the challenges.

10. Give Thanks: At the end of the day no matter how things turned out – perhaps your best intentions went awry, or perhaps they were spot on – give yourself a moment as you ease into bed or the shower or a moment between the To Dos and the Got Dones and appreciate you did the best you could in the time you had. Allow yourself to BE more of who you already are because time is worth more than what shows up on a lifetime of lists. Be thankful for the person you are and for the being you are now willing to actively embrace. Over time, you'll find yourself making more meaningful To Dos and feeling far less stress in accomplishing them.

Be polite, be happy, and most of all enjoy what you're doing.

During the early years of our modern computer era, very few standards and protocols existed between various manufacturers. However, as time went on and computer technology continued to improve and become more widespread, it became apparent that standards would be necessary to ensure compatibility. This was especially true with regard to networks, and networking technology. Since the main purpose of a network is to share information, a standard that governs how this information is formatted, transmitted, received and verified would make it possible for information to be shared openly, even when dealing with dissimilar networks.

This need for a standard means of implementing open communications led the ISO and ANSI to develop the seven-layer network communications model known as Open Systems Interconnect. By providing guidelines regarding the way network equipment should be manufactured and how network operating systems communicate on a network, the OSI model became the common link that allows data to be transmitted and exchanged reliably. Although it does not actually perform any functions or do any of the actual work, the OSI model defines the way things should be done by the software and hardware on a network so that communications can take place between two computers or nodes.

In this way, the OSI model provides a universal set of rules that make it possible for various manufacturers and developers to create software and hardware that is compatible with each other. This makes for organized communications. As I thought about this, I related it to the freeways that connect the various states of the mainland U.S. Because all of these freeways were constructed with the same set of standards regarding the width of each lane, the proper side that a person should drive on, the speed at which they should travel, and so on, people can comfortably drive across the country in an organized and efficient manner and car manufacturers are able to design cars within these guidelines as well. On the other hand, if each state had devised its own set of rules, each differing from the other, not only would there be a lot more chaos on the roads, but also car manufacturers would have a hard time designing vehicles that would be compatible with each state's roads.

Photocell

“A photocell, also known as a photo resistor, is a device that changes its conductivity when light shines on it.”

A photocell is any of a wide range of sensors that react based on the presence of light or electromagnetic energy. A photocell can be found in many different forms, from solar panels that use light to generate electricity, to photo resistors, which shift in resistance based on how much light is present. The photocell is one of the most important modern technological advancements, allowing for a whole range of new technologies to be created.

Structure:

The photo cell or photo tube consist of a evacuated glass tube fitted with anode plate and a concave metallic cathode of a appropriate surface

Types of Photocell

1. Photo resistors

One of the most common types of photocell is the photo resistor. A photo resistor is a device which is constructed out of semiconductor of high resistance. When enough light hits the semiconductor, it absorbs enough photons that the electrons already present have enough energy to conduct, lowering resistance. A photo resistor may be either intrinsic, such as those made of silicon, in which case it will require a fair amount of light to lower the resistance, or extrinsic, with a dopant added to lower the amount of energy needed to trigger a reaction, making them highly sensitive.

2. Photovoltaic cell, or Solar cell

Another widely-seen form of photocell is the type of photocell known as a photovoltaic cell, or solar cell. These utilize the photovoltaic effect, where electrons are released when electromagnetic radiation strikes the surface, to generate electricity. This electricity is then generally stored in a battery system and can be used as a source of renewable energy.

3. Chemical Photocell

One of the most basic types of photocell is a chemical photocell. This is the type of photocell found in a non-digital camera, in the form of a photographic plate, where light striking the plate causes a silver halide molecule to split into both a halogen atom and a metallic silver atom, which can then be used to create an image. Modern cameras use charge-coupled devices instead, which are another type of photocell, to achieve much the same result by transferring electric charge instead of splitting silver.

Some other types of photocell focus more on measuring specific types of energy. Optical detectors, for example, act as advanced thermometers. They take in electromagnetic radiation and react to the increase in energy in set ways that can determine exactly the increase in ambient temperature, or can simply measure how much light is striking the surface. Other types of photocell, known as cryogenic detectors, are so sensitive that they can be used to detect the presence of a single tiny bit of electromagnetic radiation, such as a single x-ray, or a single infra-red photon.

The four-wheel-drive Px-MiEV concept was powered by a 1.6-liter four cylinder mated to a hybrid system with two electric motors, one for the front wheels and one for the rear. Mitsubishi said at the time that the Px-MiEV could travel up to 30 miles in electric mode before switching to gasoline-electric mode.

Audi RS3 is Revealed, Packs 340 HP

Audi has finally come clean on its RS3 Sportback, revealing photos and information about the four-door hatchback planned for European sale next March.The RS3 uses a turbocharged 2.5-liter inline five-cylinder direct-injection gasoline engine borrowed from the TT RS.

The automatic structure, which retains the characteristic buttresses that extend back over the trunk lid, is claimed to open in just 19 seconds and close in 24 seconds at the push of a console-mounted button. Stowed in a dedicated compartment behind the rear bulkhead, it is covered by a plastic tonneau cover when down to preserve the car's elegant new lines. As with the outgoing model, a separate glass rear screen, mounted vertically, can be opened separately from the cloth hood.

Toyota plans to introduce turbochargers and direct fuel injection in many vehicles in an effort to increase its fleet's fuel efficiency.

Toyota Motor Corp. plans to introduce 11 new or redesigned hybrid vehicles by 2012, but the carmaker is hardly neglecting the humble internal combustion engine.